{"id":26076,"date":"2021-10-16T13:12:56","date_gmt":"2021-10-16T13:12:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/?p=26076"},"modified":"2023-08-02T00:27:28","modified_gmt":"2023-08-02T00:27:28","slug":"topografo-aparelho-tipos-e-classificacoes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/topografo-aparelho-tipos-e-classificacoes\/","title":{"rendered":"Topografo Aparelho?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><em><strong>Topografo aparelho<\/strong><\/em>, voc\u00ea acabou de colocar suas 2 m\u00e3os em um artigo definitivo a respeito do tema.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com a leitura do mesmo voc\u00ea aprender\u00e1 quais s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os aparelhos cl\u00e1ssicos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os aparelhos modernos e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos mesmos e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">As precis\u00f5es.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">No caso, estou ranqueando este artigo para o termo <strong>topografo aparelho<\/strong>. Por causa disso, algumas frases v\u00e3o ficar um pouco esquisitas. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; font-size: 24px;\">Os 2 tipos de topografo aparelho existentes<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-19518 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-780x771.jpg\" alt=\" topografo aparelho\" width=\"780\" height=\"771\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-780x771.jpg 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-300x296.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-768x759.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-320x316.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-640x632.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-360x356.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-720x711.jpg 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico-800x790.jpg 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-eletronico.jpg 822w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">D\u00ea uma espiadinha no mapa mental abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26073\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/topografia-aparelho.png\" alt=\"topografo aparelho rtk\" width=\"745\" height=\"478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/topografia-aparelho.png 745w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/topografia-aparelho-300x192.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 745px) 100vw, 745px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Perceba que quando se fala em <em><strong>topografo aparelho<\/strong><\/em>, podemos dividir os mesmos em 2 categorias:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Equipamentos cl\u00e1ssicos e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Equipamentos modernos.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">No caso, os equipamentos cl\u00e1ssicos s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Gnomom;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Dioptra;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Chorobates;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Astrol\u00e1bio (antecessor do teodolito)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Graf\u00f4metro;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Graf\u00f4metro \u00f3ptico;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Corrente de Agrimensor;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Trenas e balisas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">J\u00e1 os equipamentos de topografia modernos s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/nivel-topografico-o-que-e-e-quando-utilizar\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">N\u00edveis<\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/estacao-total-e-teodolito-o-que-sao\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Teodolitos<\/a><\/span> e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/curso-de-estacao-total-aprenda-na-pratica\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">As diferentes ci\u00eancias envolvidas na obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-25929\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia-780x472.png\" alt=\"geociencias\" width=\"780\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia-780x472.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia-1536x929.png 1536w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/georreferenciamento-topografia.png 1796w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">E talvez voc\u00ea esteja pensando:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Mas professor Adenilson, voc\u00ea se esqueceu de adicionar <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/receptor-gnss-quando-utilizar\/\">receptores GNSS<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/laser-scanner-o-que-e-e-quais-suas-aplicacoes\/\">Laser Scanners<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/mapeamento-aereo-com-drone\/\">drones<\/a><\/span> e <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/lidar-o-que-e-e-quais-suas-aplicacoes\/\">sensores <\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/lidar-o-que-e-e-quais-suas-aplicacoes\/\">lidar.<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Cuidado, quando se fala na obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados, existem diferentes ci\u00eancias envolvidas, sendo que al\u00e9m da Topografia, as outras ci\u00eancias existentes s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/posicionamento-pelo-gnss-georreferenciamento\/\">Posicionamento pelo GNSS<\/a><\/span>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/geodesia-conceito-objetivos-e-aplicacoes\/\">Geod\u00e9sia;<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/sensoriamento-remoto\/\">Sensoriamento remoto<\/a><\/span> e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/fotogrametria-o-que-e-e-para-que-serve\/\">Fotogrametria<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com isso, a Topografia e a Cartografia s\u00e3o como se fossem as funda\u00e7\u00f5es da obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Por exemplo, na <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.carto.eng.uerj.br\/cdecart\/download\/NBR13133.pdf\">NBR 13.133<\/a><\/span> existe a defini\u00e7\u00e3o dos 6 diferentes <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/levantamento-topografico-do-terreno\/\">m\u00e9todos de levantamento topogr\u00e1fico<\/a><\/span> utilizados na Topografia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">M\u00e9todos estes cujos produtos finais tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o produzidos no Posicionamento pelo GNSS e na <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/topografia-com-drone-curso\/\">topografia com drones<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Por\u00e9m, enquanto que os equipamentos topogr\u00e1ficos se baseiam na ci\u00eancia da <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/topografia-e-geodesia-conceitos-e-aplicacoes\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Topografia<\/a><\/span>, Receptores GNSS se baseiam nas ci\u00eancias da Geod\u00e9sia e do Posicionamento Pelo GNSS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Da mesma maneira, a topografia com drones, se baseia na utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o das ci\u00eancias do sensoriamento remoto e da fotogrametria. Utilizando pontos de controle obtidos com receptores GNSS.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Ou seja, tamb\u00e9m utiliza as ci\u00eancias do posicionamento pelo GNSS e da Geod\u00e9sia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Como disse, neste artigo eu focarei em mostrar os equipamentos que utilizam a ci\u00eancia da Topografia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Caso deseje aprender sobre os outros equipamentos utilizados na obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados Geoespaciais \u00e9 s\u00f3 clicar nos links existentes acima.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Dividirei este artigo em 2 se\u00e7\u00f5es, onde que primeiramente mostrarei os topografo aparelho antigos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Em seguida, mostrarei os aparelhos modernos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; Equipamentos antigos<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-21838\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos.png\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - Equipamentos antigos\" width=\"780\" height=\"528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos.png 844w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-768x520.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-320x216.png 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-640x433.png 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-360x244.png 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-720x487.png 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/aparelhos-topograficos-antigos-800x541.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Vamos fazer uma deliciosa viajem na hist\u00f3ria, conhecendo os <strong>topografo aparelho<\/strong> antigos. Isso porque n\u00e3o podemos deixar a <strong>historia da Topografia<\/strong> se perder.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Gnomom<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<h4><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-21817 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho cl\u00e1ssicos - Gnomom\" width=\"780\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-320x240.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-640x480.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-360x270.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-720x540.jpg 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-1080x810.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon-1280x960.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomon.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <strong>Gnomom<\/strong> foi desenvolvido em 560 a.C.. O mesmo era uma estrutura, a qual permitiu realizar <strong>medi\u00e7\u00f5es atrav\u00e9s da incid\u00eancia do sol<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21818\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-topografia.jpg\" alt=\"gnomom topografia\" width=\"359\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-topografia.jpg 359w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-topografia-300x228.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-topografia-320x243.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 359px) 100vw, 359px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21819\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-solar.jpg\" alt=\"gnomom solar\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-solar.jpg 600w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-solar-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-solar-320x213.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Gnomom-solar-360x240.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p>\n<h4><\/h4>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; Dioptra<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4661\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/dioptra.jpg\" alt=\"dioptra\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A <strong>Dioptra<\/strong> foi um topografo aparelho muito utilizado em sua \u00e9poca.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"> A mesma \u00e9 formada por um tubo de observa\u00e7\u00e3o preso a um suporte no qual s\u00e3o fixados a transferidores que possibilitam a <strong>medi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e2ngulos horizontais e verticais<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Este equipamento topogr\u00e1fico remete muito aos princ\u00edpios do teodolito.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21820\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/dioptra-topografia.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - dioptra topografia\" width=\"512\" height=\"384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/dioptra-topografia.jpg 512w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/dioptra-topografia-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/dioptra-topografia-320x240.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/dioptra-topografia-360x270.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; Chorobates<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21821\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - Chorobates\" width=\"395\" height=\"127\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates.jpg 395w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-300x96.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-320x103.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-360x116.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <strong>Chorobates<\/strong> foi um equipamento de topografia que antecedeu o que conhecemos hoje como n\u00edvel. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Este equipamento consistia de uma viga de madeira de 6 metros de comprimento, a qual era sustentada por pilares sendo estes travados por duas hastes diagonais com entalhes esculpidos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Tal equipamento possu\u00eda duas linhas de prumos em cada uma das extremidades, assim, os entalhes correspondentes \u00e0s linhas de prumo combinavam em ambos os lados, mostrando que o feixe estava nivelado. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Na parte superior da viga havia uma ranhura onde se colocava \u00e1gua para usa-la como n\u00edvel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21822\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia.jpg\" alt=\"chorobastes topografia\" width=\"738\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia.jpg 738w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia-300x211.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia-320x225.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia-640x449.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia-360x253.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Chorobates-topografia-720x505.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Astrol\u00e1bio (antecessor do teodolito)<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-21823 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-1024x705.png\" alt=\"Astrol\u00e1bio\" width=\"780\" height=\"537\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-1024x705.png 1024w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-768x529.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-1536x1058.png 1536w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-2048x1411.png 2048w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-320x220.png 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-640x441.png 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-360x248.png 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-720x496.png 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-1080x744.png 1080w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-800x551.png 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Astrolabio-1280x882.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <strong>Astrol\u00e1bio<\/strong>, foi um topografo aparelho muit<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">o utilizado no meio naval, para <strong>determinar o posicionamento das embarca\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong> atrav\u00e9s da medida da dist\u00e2ncia das estrelas em rela\u00e7\u00e3o ao horizonte.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21824\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/astrolabio-nautico.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"521\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/astrolabio-nautico.jpeg 521w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/astrolabio-nautico-195x300.jpeg 195w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/astrolabio-nautico-320x491.jpeg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/astrolabio-nautico-360x553.jpeg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Graf\u00f4metro<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21825\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grafometro.png\" alt=\"Graf\u00f4metro\" width=\"188\" height=\"186\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A b\u00fassola teve seu invento no s\u00e9culo I na China, sendo aperfei\u00e7oada no s\u00e9culo III pelo italiano Flavio Gioia, o qual adicionou a rosa dos ventos. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com os avan\u00e7os, surgiu o <strong>Graf\u00f4metro<\/strong>, um topografo aparelho munido de alidades e p\u00ednulas como \u00f3rg\u00e3o de visada, assim como uma b\u00fassola. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Tal instrumento era utilizado para <strong>medi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e2ngulos horizontais<\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-21826\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia.jpg\" alt=\"grafometro topografia\" width=\"770\" height=\"513\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia.jpg 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-320x213.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-640x426.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/grafometro-topografia-720x480.jpg 720w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 770px) 100vw, 770px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; Graf\u00f4metro \u00f3ptico<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21827\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Grafometro-optico.png\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - Graf\u00f4metro \u00f3ptico\" width=\"199\" height=\"189\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Algum tempo depois, surge o <strong>primeiro equipamento \u201c\u00f3ptico-mec\u00e2nico\u201d<\/strong> o qual consistia de uma adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do Graf\u00f4metro, no qual foi introduzido uma luneta.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com isso era poss\u00edvel al\u00e9m de medir \u00e2ngulos horizontais, <strong>medir \u00e2ngulos verticais<\/strong>, isso porque tornou-se vi\u00e1vel inclinar o semic\u00edrculo graduado at\u00e9 a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de um plano vertical. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Corrente de Agrimensor<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21828 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Corrente-de-Agrimensor.jpg\" alt=\"Corrente de Agrimensor\" width=\"276\" height=\"448\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Corrente-de-Agrimensor.jpg 276w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Corrente-de-Agrimensor-185x300.jpg 185w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 276px) 100vw, 276px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A c<strong>orrente de Agrimensor<\/strong> era utilizada para a realiza\u00e7\u00e3o de medidas lineares. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Uma mesma \u00e9 dotada de <strong>100 fuzis de metal inoxid\u00e1vel<\/strong>, reunidos de dois a dois por meio de elos do mesmo metal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21833 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Aste-da-corrente-de-Agrimensor.jpg\" alt=\"Aste da corrente de Agrimensor\" width=\"448\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Aste-da-corrente-de-Agrimensor.jpg 448w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Aste-da-corrente-de-Agrimensor-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Aste-da-corrente-de-Agrimensor-320x116.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Aste-da-corrente-de-Agrimensor-360x130.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A dist\u00e2ncia de anel a anel \u00e9 de 20 cm. Deste modo, a cada 5 fuzis e respectivos an\u00e9is, temos 1 metro. A cada metro, temos junto ao elo uma placa <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">numerada, para facilitar a medi\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21830 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/placa-de-medicao-corrente-de-agrimensor.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - placa de medi\u00e7\u00e3o da corrente de Agrimensor\" width=\"448\" height=\"333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/placa-de-medicao-corrente-de-agrimensor.jpg 448w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/placa-de-medicao-corrente-de-agrimensor-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/placa-de-medicao-corrente-de-agrimensor-320x238.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/placa-de-medicao-corrente-de-agrimensor-360x268.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21832 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/detalhes-da-corrente-de-agrimensor.jpg\" alt=\"detalhes da corrente de Agrimensor\" width=\"448\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/detalhes-da-corrente-de-agrimensor.jpg 448w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/detalhes-da-corrente-de-agrimensor-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/detalhes-da-corrente-de-agrimensor-320x239.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/detalhes-da-corrente-de-agrimensor-360x269.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Fonte das fotos: <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fec.unicamp.br\/~museuLTG\/equipamentos\/corrente.htm\">http:\/\/www.fec.unicamp.br\/~museuLTG\/equipamentos\/corrente.htm<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; color: #000000;\">Artigo no qual me baseei para escrever esta se\u00e7\u00e3o do artigo:<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"> <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">V\u00eddeo mostrando como um Agrimensor de 1.848 trabalhava. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe width=\"853\" height=\"480\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wYYrw2RUEJI\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Trenas e balisas <\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21836\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa.jpg\" alt=\"trenas e balisas\" width=\"663\" height=\"470\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa.jpg 663w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa-300x213.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa-320x227.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa-640x454.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/medicao-com-trena-e-balisa-360x255.jpg 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 663px) 100vw, 663px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Al\u00e9m destes <strong>equipamentos de topografia<\/strong>, tamb\u00e9m temos as trenas e balizas, que normalmente s\u00e3o utilizadas em aulas pr\u00e1ticas de topografia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; Equipamentos modernos<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-25573\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos-780x472.png\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - Equipamentos modernos\" width=\"780\" height=\"472\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos-780x472.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos-300x181.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos-768x464.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos-1536x929.png 1536w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/levantamentos-planimetricos.png 1796w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Nesta se\u00e7\u00e3o do artigo eu trarei os <strong>topografo aparelhos<\/strong> mais modernos. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Incluirei nesta categoria todos os tipos de teodolitos e n\u00edveis existentes, pois desta maneira ser\u00e1 mais f\u00e1cil de explicar.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Lembrando que al\u00e9m dos equipamentos topogr\u00e1ficos, tamb\u00e9m temos instrumentos topogr\u00e1ficos. Os principais deles s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Trena de vidro;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Piquetes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Estacas testemunhas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Balizas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edvel de cantoneira e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/mira-falante\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Mira falante<\/a><\/span>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/instrumentos-topograficos-o-guia-definitivo\/\">Neste artigo eu falo a respeito dos mesmos<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho &#8211; N\u00edvel topogr\u00e1fico<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-21036\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-780x344.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - N\u00edvel topogr\u00e1fico\" width=\"780\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-780x344.jpg 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-300x132.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-768x339.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-320x141.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-640x283.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-360x159.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-720x318.jpg 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-800x353.jpg 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/nivel-topografico-o-que-e-e-quando-utilizar\/\">n\u00edvel topogr\u00e1fico<\/a><\/span> \u00e9 um <strong>topografia aparelh<\/strong>o que possui como objetivo a <strong>determina\u00e7\u00e3o da diferen\u00e7a de n\u00edvel existente entre 2 ou mais pontos<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Quais os diferentes tipos de n\u00edveis topogr\u00e1ficos existentes?<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4597\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-topogr%C3%A1fico-2-1024x768.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-topogr\u00e1fico-2.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-topogr\u00e1fico-2-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/nivelamento-topogr\u00e1fico-2-768x576.jpg 768w\" alt=\"os diferentes tipos de topografo aparelho modernos\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">D\u00ea uma olhadinha no mapa mental abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-21015\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-1024x359.png\" alt=\"mapa mental n\u00edveis topografia\" width=\"780\" height=\"273\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-1024x359.png 1024w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-300x105.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-768x269.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-320x112.png 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-640x224.png 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-360x126.png 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-720x252.png 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-1080x378.png 1080w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes-800x280.png 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/nivel-optico-topografia-os-diferentes-tipos-existentes.png 1208w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Produzi o mesmo a partir do conte\u00fado existente na <a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/acervodigital.ufpr.br\/bitstream\/handle\/1884\/11171\/DISSERTA%C3%87%C3%83O%20BRUM.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">disserta\u00e7\u00e3o produzida por Brum, E. V. P.<\/span><\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Segundo o mesmo, existem 3 diferentes tipos de n\u00edveis topogr\u00e1ficos no mercado. S\u00e3o eles:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/mrochatopografia.com.br\/blog\/nivel-optico-precisao-nivelamento-topografico\/\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">N\u00edveis \u00f3pticos<\/span><\/a>;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/pt-br\/products\/levels\/digital-levels\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">N\u00edveis digitais<\/span><\/a> e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis laser.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Vamos conhecer melhor estes diferentes tipos de n\u00edveis.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Segue texto adaptado a partir do original existente na disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de mestrado de autoria de Brum, E. V. P. <\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho &#8211; N\u00edveis \u00f3ticos<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19511\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-otico.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-otico.jpg 500w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-otico-300x260.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-otico-320x277.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-otico-360x312.jpg 360w\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - n\u00edvel \u00f3ptico\" width=\"500\" height=\"433\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os n\u00edveis \u00f3ticos podem ser classificados em n\u00edveis \u00f3pticos mec\u00e2nicos e em n\u00edveis \u00f3pticos autom\u00e1ticos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho \u2013 <\/strong><strong>N\u00edveis \u00f3pticos mec\u00e2nicos<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Nos n\u00edveis \u00f3pticos mec\u00e2nicos, o nivelamento \u201cfino ou calagem\u201d do equipamento \u00e9 realizado com o auxilio de n\u00edveis de bolha bi-partida. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os n\u00edveis \u00f3pticos mec\u00e2nicos, por sua vez, podem ser classificados em 2 tipos:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis de plano e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis de linha.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis de plano<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19514\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-plano.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-plano.png 524w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-plano-300x194.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-plano-320x206.png 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-plano-360x232.png 360w\" alt=\"n\u00edveis de plano\" width=\"524\" height=\"338\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">S\u00e3o aqueles que uma vez estacionado o instrumento, seu eixo de colima\u00e7\u00e3o descreve um plano horizontal em torno do eixo principal.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis de linha<\/span><\/h6>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19515\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-linha.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 508px) 100vw, 508px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-linha.png 508w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-linha-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-linha-320x229.png 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/niveis-de-linha-360x257.png 360w\" alt=\"n\u00edveis de linha\" width=\"508\" height=\"363\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">S\u00e3o aqueles que, em cada nivelada \u00e9 preciso horizontalizar a luneta, para assegurar que a visada realizada seja horizontal. Possui um movimento da luneta no sentido do eixo vertical, atrav\u00e9s de um parafuso nivelador.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Topografo aparelho \u2013<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;\">N\u00edveis \u00f3pticos autom\u00e1ticos<\/span><\/strong><\/h5>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19517\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico.jpg 500w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-optico-automatico-360x360.jpg 360w\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - n\u00edvel \u00f3ptico autom\u00e1tico\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">De acordo com WOLF, GUILANI (2002, p. 861) em 1950, aproximadamente, houve a introdu\u00e7\u00e3o dos <strong>n\u00edveis autom\u00e1ticos<\/strong>. Estes s\u00e3o n\u00edveis de linha, que possuem um sistema de horizontaliza\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica da linha de visada. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Um n\u00edvel \u00f3ptico \u00e9 um topografo aparelho que possui uma s\u00e9rie de sistemas. S\u00e3o eles:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Sistema \u00f3ptico;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Sistema de suspens\u00e3o e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Sistema de amortecimento.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho &#8211; N\u00edveis digitais <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-19512\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital.jpg 800w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-640x640.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-360x360.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/nivel-topografico-nivel-digital-720x720.jpg 720w\" alt=\"n\u00edvel digital\" width=\"770\" height=\"770\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Segundo BARBOSA (1996, p. 21), o primeiro <strong>n\u00edvel digital<\/strong> foi lan\u00e7ado pela <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/\">empresa Leica<\/a><\/span>, no ano de 1991.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Estes s\u00e3o n\u00edveis autom\u00e1ticos, cujas leituras s\u00e3o efetuadas de forma digital em uma mira gravada com c\u00f3digos de barra. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Estes n\u00edveis consistem da adi\u00e7\u00e3o de 2 novos elementos aos n\u00edveis autom\u00e1ticos: a <strong>mira com c\u00f3digo de barras e um dispositivo CCD<\/strong> (charged- coupled device) que faz o papel do olho do observador, \u201cfotografando\u201d a leitura da mira.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com estes dois elementos, \u00e9 poss\u00edvel efetuar a leitura da mira para obten\u00e7\u00e3o do plano definido pelo n\u00edvel e, em fun\u00e7\u00e3o disto, o desn\u00edvel entre os pontos, bem como obter a dist\u00e2ncia da mira ao equipamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>N\u00edvel topogr\u00e1fico \u2013 <\/strong><strong>N\u00edveis laser<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-19513\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser.jpg 458w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser-320x320.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Nivel-Laser-360x360.jpg 360w\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - n\u00edvel laser\" width=\"458\" height=\"458\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Existem no mercado diversos <strong>tipos de n\u00edveis laser<\/strong>, por\u00e9m de acordo com MOSCOSO (2000, p. 244) eles se dividem em tr\u00eas tipos:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edvel de plano;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edvel de linha e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Adaptador ocular laser.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis quanto a precis\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanto a precis\u00e3o, a NBR 13.133 classifica os n\u00edveis em 4 classes. Segue uma imagem com as mesmas.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-26078\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/classificacao-dos-niveis-quanto-a-precisao.png\" alt=\"classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos n\u00edveis quanto a precis\u00e3o\" width=\"638\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/classificacao-dos-niveis-quanto-a-precisao.png 638w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/classificacao-dos-niveis-quanto-a-precisao-300x162.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">No caso, os n\u00edveis s\u00e3o classificados segundo desvio-padr\u00e3o de 1 km de duplo nivelamento (nivelamento e contra-nivelamento).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho \u2013 <\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\">Teodolito<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <strong>teodolito<\/strong> \u00e9 um equipamento topogr\u00e1fico destinado \u00e0 medi\u00e7\u00e3o de \u00e2ngulos, horizontais ou verticais, objetivando a <strong>determina\u00e7\u00e3o dos \u00e2ngulos internos ou externos de uma poligonal<\/strong>, bem como a posi\u00e7\u00e3o de determinados detalhes necess\u00e1rios ao levantamento (<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gpeas.ufc.br\/disc\/topo\/apost04.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Veiga. Et. Al, 2007<\/a><\/span>).<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos teodolitos<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-4668\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o-de-teodolito-768x1024.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/opera\u00e7\u00e3o-de-teodolito-768x1024.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/opera\u00e7\u00e3o-de-teodolito-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/opera\u00e7\u00e3o-de-teodolito.jpg 774w\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - teodolito\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Atualmente existem diversas marcas e modelos de teodolitos, os quais podem ser classificados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Pela finalidade:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Topogr\u00e1ficos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Geod\u00e9sicos e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Astron\u00f4micos.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanto \u00e0 forma:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Teodolito \u00f3pticos-mec\u00e2nico e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Teodolito eletr\u00f4nico.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanto a precis\u00e3o, a<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"http:\/\/www.carto.eng.uerj.br\/cdecart\/download\/NBR13133.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NBR 13133<\/a><\/span> classifica os teodolitos segundo o desvio padr\u00e3o de uma dire\u00e7\u00e3o observada em duas posi\u00e7\u00f5es da luneta, conforme mostrado na tabela abaixo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4650\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-dos-teodolitos.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 410px) 100vw, 410px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o-dos-teodolitos.png 410w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o-dos-teodolitos-300x149.png 300w\" alt=\"Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos teodolitos\" width=\"410\" height=\"204\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Para saber a precis\u00e3o de um teodolito, voc\u00ea precisa consultar o manual do mesmo. Na figura abaixo voc\u00ea pode ver um print tirado do manual de um teodolito Leica, que mostra a precis\u00e3o do mesmo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4651\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Precis%C3%A3o-do-teodolito-leica.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Precis\u00e3o-do-teodolito-leica.png 641w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Precis\u00e3o-do-teodolito-leica-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Precis\u00e3o-do-teodolito-leica-78x55.png 78w\" alt=\"Precis\u00e3o do teodolito leica\" width=\"641\" height=\"448\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"code-block code-block-1\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Elementos que constituem um teodolito eletr\u00f4nico<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4653 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/componentes-de-um-teodolito-780x534.png\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - componentes de um teodolito eletr\u00f4nico\" width=\"780\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/componentes-de-um-teodolito-780x534.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/componentes-de-um-teodolito-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/componentes-de-um-teodolito-768x525.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/componentes-de-um-teodolito.png 893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Como <strong>elementos<\/strong> principais que constituem a estrutura f\u00edsica de um <strong>teodolito eletr\u00f4nico, mec\u00e2nico ou autom\u00e1tico<\/strong>, podemos citar:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Sistema de eixos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">C\u00edrculos graduados ou limbos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Luneta de visada e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">N\u00edveis.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho &#8211; Sistema de eixos de um teodolito<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Na figura abaixo voc\u00ea pode ver o sistema eixos de um teodolito eletr\u00f4nico.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4652\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sistema-de-eixos-de-um-teodolito.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 565px) 100vw, 565px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sistema-de-eixos-de-um-teodolito.png 565w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/sistema-de-eixos-de-um-teodolito-300x268.png 300w\" alt=\"sistema de eixos de um teodolito eletr\u00f4nico\" width=\"565\" height=\"505\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O eixo m\u00f3vel \u00e9 fixado pelos parafusos de press\u00e3o. O limbo horizontal permite o travamento em qualquer posi\u00e7\u00e3o, realizando leitura de graus, como tamb\u00e9m de minutos e segundos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4658\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/teodolito-antigo.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/teodolito-antigo.jpg 364w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/teodolito-antigo-300x269.jpg 300w\" alt=\"teodolito antigo\" width=\"364\" height=\"326\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Um erro que pode acontecer \u00e9 de com o tempo, por causa de impacto mec\u00e2nicos, acontecer um desalinhamento dos eixos, o que provoca erros durante o processo de obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>C\u00edrculos graduados de um teodolito<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4655\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/circulos-graduados-de-um-teodolito.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/circulos-graduados-de-um-teodolito.png 654w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/circulos-graduados-de-um-teodolito-300x254.png 300w\" alt=\"circulos graduados de um teodolito\" width=\"654\" height=\"553\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanto aos c\u00edrculos graduados para leituras angulares, os mesmos podem ter escalas demarcadas de diversas maneiras, como, por exemplo:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Tinta sobre pl\u00e1stico;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Ranhuras sobre metal;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Tra\u00e7os gravados sobre cristal.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Luneta de visada de um teodolito<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4656 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Luneta-de-visada-de-um-teodolito-780x585.jpg\" alt=\"C : Parafusos de ajuste dos fios de ret\u00edculo. D : Ret\u00edculos. E : Ocular.\" width=\"780\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Luneta-de-visada-de-um-teodolito-780x585.jpg 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Luneta-de-visada-de-um-teodolito-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Luneta-de-visada-de-um-teodolito-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Luneta-de-visada-de-um-teodolito.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Dependendo da aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do instrumento a capacidade de amplia\u00e7\u00e3o pode chegar a at\u00e9 80 vezes (teodolito astron\u00f4mico WILD T4). Na <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/topografia-curso-com-foco-na-pratica\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Topografia<\/a><\/span> normalmente utilizam-se lunetas com poder de amplia\u00e7\u00e3o de 30 vezes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho &#8211; N\u00edveis de um teodolito<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4657\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/n%C3%ADveis-de-um-teodolito.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/n\u00edveis-de-um-teodolito.png 620w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/n\u00edveis-de-um-teodolito-286x300.png 286w\" alt=\"n\u00edveis de um teodolito\" width=\"620\" height=\"650\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os n\u00edveis de bolha podem ser esf\u00e9ricos (com menor precis\u00e3o), tubulares, ou digitais (nos equipamentos mais recentes).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho \u2013 <\/strong><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 24px;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000;\">Esta\u00e7\u00e3o total<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-19498\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral.jpg\" alt=\"esta\u00e7\u00e3o total\" width=\"780\" height=\"520\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-320x213.jpg 320w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-640x427.jpg 640w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-360x240.jpg 360w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-720x480.jpg 720w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/aplicacoes-do-levantamento-planimetrico-cadastral-800x534.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><b>A esta\u00e7\u00e3o total<\/b>, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como <span class=\"no-conversion\"><b>taque\u00f4metro<\/b><strong> eletr\u00f4nico<\/strong> <\/span>\u00e9 um topografo aparelho que mede \u00e2ngulos e dist\u00e2ncias<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Na realidade, as esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais nada mais s\u00e3o do que equipamentos derivados da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o tecnol\u00f3gica. Isso porque uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o total nada mais \u00e9 do que o resultado da uni\u00e3o de um <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Teodolito\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">teodolito<\/a><\/span> com um <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" title=\"Distanci\u00f4metro\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distanci%C3%B4metro\">distanci\u00f4metro<\/a><\/span> eletr\u00f4nico em um \u00fanico equipamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Al\u00e9m disso, toda esta\u00e7\u00e3o total possui um software interno, sendo que com isso, as mesmas conseguem armazenar dados e executar alguns c\u00e1lculos com os mesmos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Partes de uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o total<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Na imagem abaixo voc\u00ea pode ver uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o DTM-652 da nikon. Na mesma \u00e9 poss\u00edvel ver as diferentes partes que comp\u00f5em uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o total. <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4170\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Partes-de-uma-esta%C3%A7%C3%A3o-total.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 667px) 100vw, 667px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Partes-de-uma-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total.png 667w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Partes-de-uma-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-271x300.png 271w\" alt=\"Partes de uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o total\" width=\"667\" height=\"739\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Vamos analisar cada uma das diferentes partes e ver quais que s\u00e3o as fun\u00e7\u00f5es das mesmas. Para isso, vamos come\u00e7ar pela parte superior esquerda da tela do computador e avan\u00e7ar em sentido hor\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">1 \u2013 Teclas de montagem da bateria: como o pr\u00f3prio nome diz, servem para a montagem da bateria.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">2 \u2013 Marca de alinhamento: serve para alinhar a esta\u00e7\u00e3o total.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">3- Chamada vertical: tamb\u00e9m conhecido como \u201cparafuso de chamada da vertical\u201d. O mesmo serve para fazer o ajuste fino do equipamento na vertical, colocando-se o mesmo bem sobre o prisma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">4 \u2013 Trava da vertical: serve para uma vez que o equipamento esteja bem sobre o ponto, travar o mesmo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">5 \u2013 Trava da base: serve para travar e destravar a base, possibilitando que a esta\u00e7\u00e3o total seja retirada da mesma, ficando-se apenas com a base de nivelamento. Nem todas as marcas e modelos de esta\u00e7\u00e3o total possibilitam a separa\u00e7\u00e3o da esta\u00e7\u00e3o de sua base.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">6 \u2013 Marca de alinhamento: serve para alinhar a esta\u00e7\u00e3o total.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">7 \u2013 Tela e teclado na face 1: possibilita a configura\u00e7\u00e3o interna do equipamento e a obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">8 \u2013 Bolha tabular: a mesma serve para fazer-se o nivelamento da esta\u00e7\u00e3o total. Al\u00e9m desta bolha, a esta\u00e7\u00e3o total tamb\u00e9m possui um n\u00edvel de cantoneira em sua base de nivelamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">9 \u2013 Cobertura do ret\u00edculo: como o pr\u00f3prio nome diz, serve para a cobertura do ret\u00edculo da esta\u00e7\u00e3o total.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">10 \u2013 Anel de dioptrias: possibilita o ajuste do foco do equipamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">11 \u2013 Ocular da luneta: possibilita a visualiza\u00e7\u00e3o do prisma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">12 \u2013 Anel de focaliza\u00e7\u00e3o: \u00e9 utilizado no processo de focaliza\u00e7\u00e3o do prisma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">13 \u2013 Mira \u00f3ptica (buscador): possibilita a coloca\u00e7\u00e3o do equipamento mais ou menos sobre o ponto, facilitando o processo de obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Como funciona uma esta\u00e7\u00e3o total?<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2012 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-780x415.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - esta\u00e7\u00e3o total\" width=\"780\" height=\"415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-780x415.jpg 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-768x409.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total.jpg 1172w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Para a obten\u00e7\u00e3o de dados a <strong>esta\u00e7\u00e3o total utiliza um feixe de raios lazer<\/strong>, o qual \u00e9 emitido, bate em um prisma e volta at\u00e9 a esta\u00e7\u00e3o total. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O tempo que o raio demora entre sua emiss\u00e3o e a chegada de volta na esta\u00e7\u00e3o total e o \u00e2ngulo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o da mesma possibilitam que o computador interno calcule o \u00e2ngulo e a dist\u00e2ncia do ponto. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Uma vez que o usu\u00e1rio tenha obtido os dados de todos os pontos de interesse \u00e9 s\u00f3 o mesmo transferir os dados para um computador, levar os mesmos para um <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AutoCAD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ambiente CAD<\/a><\/span> e fazer os desenhos e c\u00e1lculos necess\u00e1rios.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Topografo aparelho &#8211; Os diferentes tipos de esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais existentes<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-4190 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tipos-de-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-1-780x218.jpg\" alt=\"topografo aparelho - tipos de esta\u00e7\u00e3o total\" width=\"780\" height=\"218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tipos-de-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-1-780x218.jpg 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tipos-de-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-1-300x84.jpg 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tipos-de-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-1-768x214.jpg 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/tipos-de-esta\u00e7\u00e3o-total-1.jpg 820w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Com o passar do tempo e com os avan\u00e7os tecnol\u00f3gicos, as esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais se dividiram em uma vasta gama de equipamentos. Desta maneira, temos, por exemplo, esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais que realizam medi\u00e7\u00f5es com e sem prisma.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Uma segunda classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais \u00e9 se as mesmas s\u00e3o rob\u00f3ticas ou n\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">E ainda temos equipamentos mais novos, que est\u00e3o vindo com um <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/laser-scanner-3d-o-que-e-e-aplicacoes\/\" style=\"color: #0000ff;\">scanner laser<\/a><\/span> acoplado. Os mesmos possibilitam realizar-se o mapeamento de at\u00e9 26 mil pontos por segundo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Naturalmente, o pre\u00e7o varia muito, existindo equipamentos que custam menos de R$ 10.000,00 reais, at\u00e9 equipamentos que custam no entorno de R$ 100.000,00 reais.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Classifica\u00e7\u00e3o das esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais quanto a precis\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">A NBR 13.133 classifica as esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais em 3 classes de precis\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-26079\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/estacoes-totais-precisao-780x209.png\" alt=\"esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais precis\u00e3o\" width=\"780\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/estacoes-totais-precisao-780x209.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/estacoes-totais-precisao-300x81.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/estacoes-totais-precisao-768x206.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/estacoes-totais-precisao.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 780px) 100vw, 780px\" \/>No caso, as esta\u00e7\u00f5es totais s\u00e3o classificadas segundo os desvios-padr\u00e3o que as caracterizam.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">V\u00eddeo a respeito do assunto.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><center><iframe width=\"853\" height=\"480\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/YIvEozbhp5Y\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/center><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; color: #000000; line-height: 1.3;\">Se voc\u00ea quer<strong> MERGULHAR FUNDO e aprender a prestar servi\u00e7os com grande velocidade e com seguran\u00e7a<\/strong>, <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/cursos-online\/\">acesse este link<\/a><\/span> e conhe\u00e7a os mesmos.<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3;\">Entre eles, o <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><a style=\"color: #0000ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/curso-de-autocad-para-topografia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Curso de Confec\u00e7\u00e3o de Plantas Topogr\u00e1ficas<\/a><\/span>. <span style=\"color: #000000;\">Um <\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3;\">curso pr\u00e1tico <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 20px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 1.3;\">com o qual voc\u00ea vai <strong>aprender a produzir as 15 diferentes plantas produzidas em um escrit\u00f3rio de topografia<\/strong>.<\/span><\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/curso-de-autocad-para-topografia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-31689\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/planta-de-topografia-1024x612.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"770\" height=\"460\"><\/a> <span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Clique <a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/curso-de-autocad-para-topografia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">neste link<\/span><\/a> e conhe\u00e7a melhor o mesmo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Gratid\u00e3o por voc\u00ea ter lido o artigo. \ud83d\ude4f<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 24px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Um Kit RTK Sob Medida Para Voc\u00ea Que Presta Servi\u00e7os de Topografia e Georreferenciamento<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-29637\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-780x522.png\" alt=\"GPS base rover financiado\" width=\"750\" height=\"502\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-780x522.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-768x514.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-1536x1028.png 1536w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-2048x1371.png 2048w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/gps-t300-comnav-360x240.png 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/> <span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Trata-se de <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>um Kit RTK com uma alta tecnologia embarcada, por um pre\u00e7o justo<\/em><\/span><\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/t300-comnav-2-780x725.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"697\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-35563\" srcset=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/t300-comnav-2-780x725.png 780w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/t300-comnav-2-300x279.png 300w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/t300-comnav-2-768x714.png 768w, https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/t300-comnav-2.png 1503w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">RTKs estes, os quais quem compra elogia muito.<\/span> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-29486 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/depoimento-sobre-o-gps-rtk-comnav-1024x269.png\" alt=\"gps base rover comnav\" width=\"1024\" height=\"269\"><\/p>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os RTKs da ComNav <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"> s\u00e3o<strong> Kits RTK Topo de mercado<\/strong>. <\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Receptores que POSSUEM UMA ALTA TECNOLOGIA EMBARCADA, possibilitando que voc\u00ea <em><strong>t<\/strong><\/em><strong>enha uma grande produtividade e<\/strong><em><strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">rastreie pontos fixos de confian\u00e7as em locais extremos<\/span><\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Os GPS RTK ComNav <em><strong>N\u00c3O V\u00c3O TE ABANDONAR<\/strong><\/em>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Em locais de mata fechada;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Em Morros;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">C\u00f3rregos e;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Em grotas.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Isso mesmo, infelizmente MUITOS PROFISSIONAIS CAEM NO AMARGO ERRO de comprar um Kit RTK barato e <strong>acabam pagando um terr\u00edvel pre\u00e7o por esta escolha<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Isso porque <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>o RTK abandona os mesmos em situa\u00e7\u00f5es extremas<\/em><\/span><\/strong>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">\u00c9 s\u00f3 o profissional precisar rastrear dados em uma mata fechada, c\u00f3rrego, morro ou grota que os problemas come\u00e7am.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanto tempo perdido, tentando rastrear um ponto problem\u00e1tico;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">Quanta raiva, stress e frustra\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><strong>Quantas viagens e quanto dinheiro queimado em combust\u00edvel<\/strong>, tendo que voltar at\u00e9 a propriedade por causa dos <em><strong>PONTOS FLOAT<\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"> Perceba que \u00e9 <strong>uma<\/strong><em><strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">escolha barata que acaba custando caro<\/span><\/strong><\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"reader-text-block__paragraph\"><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">O <em><b>DIFERENCIAL DOS RECEPTORES DA COMNAV<\/b><\/em> \u00e9 justamente este. S<\/span><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\">\u00e3o <strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>feitos sob medida<\/em><\/span> para voc\u00ea que presta servi\u00e7os de Topografia e georreferenciamento<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; color: #000000;\"><div class=\"su-button-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/adenilsongiovanini.com.br\/equipamentos\/index.php\/kit-rtk\/\" class=\"su-button su-button-style-3d su-button-wide\" style=\"color:#000000;background-color:#00b025;border-color:#008d1e;border-radius:14px\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" id=\"2\"><span style=\"color:#000000;padding:0px 34px;font-size:25px;line-height:50px;border-color:#4dc867;border-radius:14px;text-shadow:0px 0px 0px #000000\"> &gt; Quero Conhecer Melhor o Kits RTK da ComNav&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/div><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Topografo aparelho, voc\u00ea acabou de colocar suas 2 m\u00e3os em um artigo definitivo a respeito do tema. Com a leitura do mesmo voc\u00ea aprender\u00e1 quais s\u00e3o: Os aparelhos cl\u00e1ssicos; Os aparelhos modernos e; A classifica\u00e7\u00e3o dos mesmos e; As precis\u00f5es. No caso, estou ranqueando este artigo para o termo topografo [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26080,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-26076","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-topografia-cadastral"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Topografo Aparelho? - Adenilson Giovanini<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Topografo aparelho, conhe\u00e7a os diferentes tipos existentes, suas classifica\u00e7\u00f5es, estrutura e precis\u00e7\u00f5es. Guia definitivo. 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